European University Institute Library

When democracy died, the Middle East's enduring peace of Lausanne, Hans-Lukas Kieser

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When democracy died

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Hans-Lukas Kieser

Cambridge Social Sciences eBooks

the Middle East's enduring peace of Lausanne

The Treaty of Lausanne, signed in Switzerland in July 1923, officially settled the conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Allied forces. Not only did the Treaty establish the borders of the modern Turkish republic, but it also defined boundaries, political systems, and understandings of citizenship in the newly formed post-Ottoman nation-states. Here, Hans-Lukas Kieser recounts how the eight dramatic months of the Lausanne Conference concluded more than ten years of war and genocide in the late Ottoman Empire. Crucially, the Treaty was in favour of a homogeneous Turkish state in Asia Minor and became the basis for the compulsory 'unmixing of people' that facilitated the persecution of minority groups, including Armenians, Kurds, and Arabs. Not only did this significant yet oft-overlooked treaty mark the end of the League of Nations' project of self-determination and security for small peoples, but it was crucial in shaping the modern Middle East, and dictatorships in Turkey and Europe.--, Provided by publisher

Introduction: The Historic Near East Peace of Lausanne -- Part I: A Century's Pivotal "Peace" -- A Peace of Dominant Interests on the Back of "Others" -- A Peace Without Peace: Unaddressed Violence, Coercion and Racism -- Ultranationalism Appeased? The Paris-Geneva-Lausanne Constellation -- Armenia: When Violence Won and Democracy Died -- A Pivotal "Peace" to Be Reassessed -- Part II: Against the Paris-Geneva Peace: Bolsheviks, Turkists, Islamists -- Projecting Aftermaths During a Decade of War -- A Vice-Plenipotentiary's World of Thoughts and Sentiments: Dr Rıza Nur -- "We Turanians": A Pervasive Ideology and Argument -- At an Empire's Long End: CUP Rule Defeated, Nationalist Struggle Continued -- Defying the Paris-Geneva Peace Project, Forcing the Road to Lausanne -- Aborting the Sèvres Treaty: A Plural Anatolia and Western Justice -- The Military and Diplomatic Road to the Lausanne Conference -- Lausanne's Ottoman Diaspora: Preparing National Futures -- Part III: A Protracted Conference: Redefining Turkey, Western Realpolitik -- The Conference's Eve, Premises, and Grand Lines -- Fascism's Historic Hour -- Inauguration, Personalities, Early Imprints -- Pivotal First Weeks -- "Population Exchange" and Minorities -- Lausanne's Armenian Catastrophe: No "Armenian Home," No Assyrian Independence -- Mehmed Cavid, Ankara's Mindful But Sidelined Expert in Lausanne -- Mosul -- Diplomatically Framing History, "Civilization," Rule of Law -- Conference Break-Interval-Continuation -- After a Long Last Mile, the Treaty -- The US Lausanne Treaty: A Paradigm Shift in the Middle East -- Part IV: Post-Lausanne Turkey: Most Favored Dictatorship? -- Establishing "Peace" and Dictatorship in Republican Turkey -- Cavid's End -- "Revolution" in a Restive and Coercive, but Courted Country -- Reassessing Lausanne-Based Kemalism: Lofty Claims, Clashes with Reality -- Lausanne and Atatürk's History Doctrine -- Dersim Genocide: Apex of Ultranationalism -- Lozan Myth: Turkey's Betrayed, To Be Restored, Sultanate-Caliphate -- In Lieu of Conclusion: Time for Democratic Social Contracts